Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. Mit ca. [7] In the west, the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries. [214], As a result of the First and Second Congo Wars in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as Congo-Kinshasa and formerly known as Zaire, is a country in Central Africa.By land area, the DRC is the second-largest country in Africa, after Algeria, and the 11th-largest in the world.With a population of around 112 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country in the world. [40] Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance. On 18 September 1961, in ongoing negotiations of a ceasefire, a plane crash near Ndola resulted in the death of Dag Hammarskjöld, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, along with all 15 passengers, setting off a succession crisis. DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the 2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship. [193] [113] In February 2022, allegations of a coup d'état in the country led to uncertainty,[114] but the coup attempt failed.[115]. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the Constitutional Court. 60 Prozent der Landesoberfläche sind von einem dichten Regenwald bewachsen. In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. [212], In 2014, the literacy rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a DHS nationwide survey. Kinshasa [kɪnˈʃaːza, französisch kinʃaˈsa] (bis 3.Mai 1966 französisch Léopoldville - Kurzform Léoville, niederländisch Leopoldstad) ist die Hauptstadt der Demokratischen Republik Kongo.. The final wave of the Bantu expansion was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron and copper. According to a 2018 OIF report, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write in French. In the northeast, Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the Garamba National Park. For other uses, see, Independence and political crisis (1960–1965), Mobutu dictatorship and Zaire (1965–1997), Kabila's term in office and multiple anti-government protests, 2018 election and new president (2018–present), Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as. The DRC has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:[12], In 2021, the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million,[194][195] a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war. In 1970 the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. [104], The political allies of Kabila maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. The DRC has its influences on Cuban rumba, originally kumba from Congo and merengue. The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in natural resources but has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation, followed by more than 60 years of independence, with little widespread development. März 1961 erkannte die bereits bestehenden Rechte, auch das Frauenwahlrecht, . [49] Lumumba declared Kasa-Vubu's action unconstitutional, and a crisis between the two leaders developed. [130] In 2021, President Félix Tshisekedi called for a review of mining contracts signed with China by his predecessor Joseph Kabila,[131] in particular the Sicomines multibillion 'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal.[132][133]. Due to the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting against different militias, the FARDC suffers from rampant corruption and inefficiency. Die Demokratische Republik Kongo liegt in Zentralafrika und grenzt an die Länder Kongo, Tansania, Angola, Sambia, Uganda, Burundi, Ruanda, die Zentralafrikanische Republik und den Südsudan. The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. [clarification needed][207] Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children. One study found that more than 400,000 women are raped in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year. Algerien.Die Hauptstadt der Demokratischen Republik Kongo ist Kinshasa. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate Félix Tshisekedi as the winner of the presidential vote,[98] and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January. [237] The country featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in both the women's and the men's section.[238]. [89] In 2018 and 2019, Congo reported the highest levels of sexual violence in the world. The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break, but it also featured a large degree of continuity. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. [70] Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. [163], In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached. [15] As of 2018[update], following two decades of various civil wars and continued internal conflicts, around 600,000 Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries. In 1923 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior.[39]. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. [182] Later in 2013, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership. Das gewaltige Land im Herzen des Kontinents ist ungefähr so groß wie Westeuropa und umfasst rund 10.500 Kilometer Außengrenzen, die schier unkontrollierbar erscheinen. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in). Im Jahr 1966 erfolgte die Umbenennung in Kinshasa. [140] However, in 2016 the Enough Project issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent kleptocracy. In April 2011, through aid from Global Alliance for Vaccines, a new vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease was introduced around Kinshasa. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. The majority are Sunni Muslims. [51] A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death.[52]. Kinshasa, die Hauptstadt und größte Stadt des Landes mit mehr als 9 Millionen Einwohnern in der Agglomeration. Zwischen den beiden Hauptstädten verkehren Fähren. Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank. [127] Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this strategically important region. Die heutige Demokratische Republik Kongo ist eine ehemalige Kolonie Belgiens. The figure of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of paved road per 1,000,000 of population. However, Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power. In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the Republic of Zaire,[22] its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. The river and a 37 kilometres (23 mi) wide strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. [110][111], The Italian ambassador to the DRC, Luca Attanasio, and his bodyguard were killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021. Waxmann, Münster . [61] International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Sprache: Die offizielle Landessprache ist Französisch; Verkehrssprachen sind Lingála und Monokutuba.Der häufigste Dialekt ist Kikongo. According to Jan Egeland, presently Secretary-General of the Norwegian Refugee Council, the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. [107] Another, smaller Ebola outbreak in the Équateur Province began in June 2020, ultimately causing 55 deaths. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national languages: Kituba (Kikongo), Lingala, Tshiluba, and Swahili. Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014). With a population of around 112 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country in the world. [81][82], The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II. Geographie. During the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Das Land war lange Zeit belgische Kolonie. Under the new constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly. Der Kongo ist nach ihm das zweitgrößte Land auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent. [28] To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as Congo (Kinshasa) or Congo-Kinshasa. [8][9][10][11] The war ended under President Joseph Kabila who governed the country from 2001 to 2019, under whom human rights in the country remained poor and included frequent abuses such as forced disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties. In the northeast, center and east, the kingdoms of Azande, Luba, and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. Executive power went to the Belgian minister of colonial affairs, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). A constitutional referendum the year before Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. Die Hauptstadt Kinshasa hingegen gilt eigentlich als relativ sicher. Nearly 900 Banunu people from four villages were slaughtered by members of the Batende community in a deep-rooted rivalry over monthly tribal duties, land, fields and water resources. MONUC took control of the city. Uploaded on Nov 18, 2014. [134], A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. Die Küste ist allerdings nur 40 Kilometer lang. Several international airlines service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also offer international flights to Lubumbashi International Airport. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994, BBC. Over 200 ethnic groups and 450 tribes populate the DRC. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but tectonic movement results in volcanic activity, occasionally with loss of life. As the neighboring French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name "Republic of Congo" upon achieving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as "Congo-Léopoldville" and "Congo-Brazzaville", after their capital cities. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds. Hauptstadt: Kinshasa: Nationalhymne: Debout Congolais (zum Hören anklicken) . . [53], Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, Armée Nationale Congolaise. Four years later the first local administrative council was elected. Rwandan troops retreated to Goma and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, led by Congolese warlord Jean-Pierre Bemba. This page was last edited on 6 June 2023, at 06:12. Man muss jedoch den Luftweg wählen, um sicher nach Kinshasa zu gelangen. During World War II, the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the Belgian government in exile in London, and the Force Publique again participated in Allied campaigns in Africa. Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. In 1908, Leopold ceded the territory, which thus became a Belgian colony. Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces.[122]. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. "[21] The modern name of the Kongo people, Bakongo, was introduced in the early 20th century. Sie grenzt an die Zentralafrikanische Republik, Südsudan, Uganda, Ruanda, Burundi, Tansania, Sambia, Angola und die Republik Kongo. [193] Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward. [226] According to UNICEF, 43.5% of children under five are stunted. [201] The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1%[202] to 12% [203], There are about 35 million Catholics in the country[2] with six archdioceses and 41 dioceses. [45][46] Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country,[47] opening the way for Congolese to replace the European military and administrative elite. Léopoldville wurde 1926 zur Hauptstadt des Belgisch Kongo (Kolonie) und später zur Hauptstadt der unabhängigen Demokratischen Republik Kongo erklärt, wodurch sich die Stadt rasch entwickelte. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river by discharge. Kabila was assassinated in 2001. Congo Airways was based at Kinshasa's international airport. One of the three streams of extremely fluid lava flowed through Goma, killing 45 and leaving 120,000 homeless. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to Makotimpoko District in Republic of Congo. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, because of inadequate safety standards.[185]. [56] A single-party system was established, and Mobutu declared himself head of state. [126], The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other developing countries require that developed countries employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs. Währung: Kongo-Franc (FC) Zeitzone: UTC+1 bis UTC+2 BIP/Einwohner: 478 US$ Bevölkerungswachstum: 2,5% Bevölkerungsdichte: 34,8 Einwohner/km2 Herausgeber: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH [50], On 14 September, Colonel Joseph Mobutu, with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. [58] By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country. [84], In 2009, The New York Times reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month[85] – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000. Gondola, Ch. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. "[92] Protests broke out in the country on 20 December when Kabila's term in office ended. Dazu zählen zum einen Kupfer, Eisen und Uran im Kongo. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members,[206] primarily among the Bakongo of Kongo Central and Kinshasa. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. The Force Publique gained a notable victory when it marched into Tabora in September 1916 under the command of General Charles Tombeur after heavy fighting. [233] Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. [173] Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. [71] However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the Simbas rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. Bismack Biyombo, Christian Eyenga, Jonathan Kuminga, and Emmanuel Mudiay are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Die weitaus größte Strecke des Äquators verläuft aber durch die Ozeane der Erde, nämlich durch den Pazifischen Ozean, den Atlantischen Ozean und den Indischen Ozean. [citation needed], Traditional religions embody such concepts as monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and ancestor worship, witchcraft, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. [186] The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa.[187]. From 1885 to 1908, his colonial military forced the local population to produce rubber and committed widespread atrocities. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. In 1904, the British consul at Boma in the Congo, Roger Casement, was instructed by the British government to investigate. Heute ist Kinshasa die zweitgrößte Stadt des Kontinents mit neuneinhalb Millionen Einwohnern. Major environmental issues in DRC include deforestation, poaching, which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC. 1964 Demokratische Republik Kongo (genannt Kongo-Léopoldville) 1965 Republik Kongo . Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and imposed a harsh personalist dictatorship until his overthrow in 1997 by the First Congo War. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state. [225], Maternal health is poor in DRC. Die auf den Karten dieser Publikation abgebildeten Grenzen, Namen und Bezeichnungen stellen keine offizielle Stellungnahme oder Anerkennung vonseiten der Welthungerhilfe oder Concern Worldwide . The Congo Basin occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi). The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, becoming the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances. Zaire became a kleptocracy as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds. Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his opposition to communism; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa. Es ist das flächenmäßig zweitgrößte Land in Afrika. [71] According to the Human Rights Watch and the New York University-based Congo Research Group, armed troops in DRC's eastern Kivu region have killed over 1,900 civilians and kidnapped at least 3,300 people since June 2017 to June 2019. ', "Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo", "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH", "DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence', "DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus", "Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release", "Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs? The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of infant mortality (after Chad). Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon. [167], The DRC is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24 trillion. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. King Leopold II of Belgium formally acquired rights to the Congo territory in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the Congo Free State. The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the Kingdom of Kongo and its Bantu inhabitants, the Kongo people, when they encountered them in the 16th century. Flagge Demokratische Republik Kongo, Hauptstadt, Fläche, Bevölkerung, Uhrzeit und sonstige Informationen über Demokratische Republik Kongo [93] Disruption in planting and harvesting caused by the conflict was estimated to escalate starvation in about two million children. The musical artist Elizo Kisonga, who now lives in England, is originally from Congo. Rep. Kongo ist damit nach Algerien das . The Congo is inhabited by several great ape species: the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the bonobo (Pan paniscus), the eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei), and possibly the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). [219] Malaria[220][221] and yellow fever are problems. There were also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from artisanal mining occurs in the informal sector and is not reflected in GDP data. Für viele Kongoles*innen ist die jeweilige Hauptstadt der . [2] In 2021, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 179th out of 191 countries by the Human Development Index. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The FARDC is organised on the basis of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Die Stadt ist mit mehr als 16 Millionen Einwohnern (2023) noch vor Lagos die größte Stadt in Afrika. In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. [168][169][170] The DRC has 70% of the world's coltan, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.[171][172].